O presente artigo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados do desempenho cognitivo de crianças e jovens diagnosticados com os diferentes subtipos do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) na Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças (WISC-III). Foram analisados dados dos regis..

Entrevista realizada durante a conferência proferida por Sylvia Serbin nas atividades do “Congresso Internacional Territorialidade e Saude: desigualdades raciais e sociais em contextos locais e globais”, organizado e coordenado pelo Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Psicanalise, Identidade, Negritude e Sociedade, ocorrido de 03 a 7 de setembro de 2014, no Centro de Ciências da Saude da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, em Santo Antonio de Jesus/BA.

À partir de 1643, la querelle catholique de la grâce voit l’affrontement de trois partis théologiques, celui des jésuites, acquis au molinisme, celui des dominicains, défenseurs du thomisme, et celui des jansénistes, partisans d’un retour au strict augustinisme mais soucieux également de se défendre des accusations d’hérésie en mettant en avant leur conformité au thomisme. Le présent article tente de suivre l’évolution des différents courants au temps de la crise de 1655–1657 en utilisant les textes contemporains de Blaise Pascal comme (...) observatoire et en montrant comment les jansénistes ont peu à peu liquidé la solution moyenne d’un thomisme molinisant. (shrink)

The article addresses the psychological experience of the "We" developed in Being and Nothingness (BN), and how it resonates within the social dynamics of Critique of Dialectical Reason (CDR). It is problematized about which "We" is spoken in the condition of Being-with. In BN, Sartre demonstrates that the foundation of human relationships is conflict, as being-with-others is rooted in being-for-others. This, therefore, reflects on the impossibility of psychological experiences of the Us-object and We-subject to support alienation and engagement. We start (...) from the conjuncture of serial collectivity to address the experience of the Us-object, and the necessity of individual choice for engagement with others, which may or not occur when the experience of Us-object takes place. In this way, when individuals recognize themselves as part of a structure organized by a third party and aim for a common goal, the community subject happens. We noticed that Sartre, in Being and Nothingness and its developments, helps us to think about being-with-another, even in a virtual world of the 21st century. Sartre, throughout his life and although without success, strove to materialize the Being that he idealized for people: mutually committed to the responsible construction of a socio-material field “desirable for a community”, including conflict resolutions. (shrink)

Este articulo propone diferenciar los asuntos de la causa y la determinación cuando del sujeto se trata; y lo hace en relación con una preocupación relativa al lugar que ocupa lo humano en el contexto actual del discurso de la ciencia, que pretende reintegrarlo al ámbito de los objetos naturales. Frente a este 'prejuicio biológico', el psicoanálisis propone una concepción inédita de la causalidad, en virtud de la cual la causa proviene de la manera como un sujeto se sitúa frente (...) a las determinaciones, sustrayéndose a su imperativo. El sintoma se presenta como el recurso del sujeto y la via de aprehensión de dicha sustracción. This paper suggests differentiating the issues of cause and determination when thinking about the subject. The idea is to address a certain concern about the place of the human within the current discourse of science, which seeks to integrate it into the field of natural objects. Before this «biological prejudice*, psychoanalysis proposes an innovative conception of causality, according to which the cause stems from the way the subject places itself in front of determinations, avoiding their imperative. Symptom appears as a resource of the subject and a way of understanding such avoidance. (shrink)

Neste artigo discutimos como algumas questões políticas que permearam as fases da Psicologia Industrial, Psicologia Organizacional e da Psicologia do Trabalho ajudaram na construção do pluralismo teórico da subárea da Psicologia no contexto do trabalho, uma vez que essas se encontram hoje interagind..

This study examines the impact of bank corporate governance reforms in the wake of the financial crisis. These reforms correspond to criticism of shareholder-focused agency-based corporate governance practices and a renewed focus on the stakeholder impact of corporate governance lapses in the financial sector. This study differs from previous studies of corporate governance in the financial sector in using performance indicators that proxy the interests of customers and the community. Drawing on data from 134 countries over an eight-year period from (...) 2004 to 2011, we find that the post-crisis corporate governance reforms in the banking sector appear to be effective in promoting greater bank attention to non-shareholder stakeholders’ interests. This study provides a means to conceptualize measures of bank performance from a stakeholder perspective in order to test emerging ideas about governance effectiveness in the financial sector. (shrink)

This book examines solutions to the crisis of modernity proposed by the Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno and the Mexican philosopher Antonio Caso. Acceptance of the objective claims of modern scientific rationality and the consequent rejection of the objective validity of artistic, moral, and religious claims generates the crisis of modernity. The problem is that of justifying artistic, moral, and religious claims. Miguel de Unamuno in his classic work, _The Tragic Sense of Life_, addresses the conflict between the belief in (...) personal immortality and modern scientific rationality. Holding that there is no rational justification for the belief in immortality, Unamuno finds a solution in a “saving scepticism” to act “as if” he deserved immortality. In his book _Existence as Economy, as Art, and Charity _Caso attempts to create an _aposteriori _metaphysics based on the “current” results of science supplemented by the intuitions of art and morality. In doing so, Caso believes that he has enlarged the scope of the knowable to include objects of art, morality, and religion. Unamuno, by accepting the strict line of demarcation between faith and reason has no other recourse but to turn to decisionism. By turning to intuitionism, Caso believes that he has blurred the line of demarcation. Decisionism and intuitionism, therefore, are worthy of further exploration. (shrink)

We propose to present the clinical case of a woman diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. The descriptive and comprehensive analysis of his biography and the psychotherapeutic relationship is carried out against the background of existential psychoanalysis and the progressive-regressive method formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre. The need for the psychotherapist to have a reflective and critical awareness of how the relationship with the client is established is the fundamental point, considering that it is a dialectical relationship and being under the same (...) aegis of the ambivalence reported by the philosopher to explain how human reality is, in phenomenological-hermeneutic terms, constructed. The detailing of the case promotes reflections, understanding, in practice, the existential and phenomenological project of being. Finally, the study leads us to reflect that the procedures with these psychopathological cases require much more than the professional role of a psychotherapist ordinarily fulfills, because it is only when one manages to be aware of their experience in the relationship, that one can hermeneutically situate how the client apprehends herself originally and existentially. (shrink)

Sometimes, there are reasons for which we believe, intend, resent, decide, and so on: these reasons are the “bases” of the latter, and the explanatory relation between these bases and the latter is what I will call “the basing relation.” What kind of explanatory relation is this? Dispositionalists claim that the basing relation consists in the agent’s manifesting a disposition to respond to those bases by having the belief, intention, resentment, and so on, in question. Representationalists claim that the basing (...) relation consists in the agent’s representing the bases as justifying the belief, intention, resentment, and so on, in question. This article shows that an adequate account of the basing relation requires a particular refinement and combination of these two views. On the hybrid account defended here, the basing relation involves a disposition exercise that is individuated by the agent’s object-involving de se representation of that very exercise as justifying. (shrink)

Difficile à lire, connu de réputation pour ses objections aux Méditations de Descartes, sa réhabilitation d'Épicure et des atomes, voire le caractère ambigu de ses relations avec les "libertins", Pierre Gassendi est un personnage un peu flou dans notre galerie de portraits imaginaire. Il fut cependant un auteur important, lu, connu, approuvé ou critiqué dans toute l'Europe, surtout par les savants qui voulaient fonder efficacement leur physique moderne sans renier pour autant les acquis des anciens. Les études réunies ici ont (...) cherché comme la trace et le reflet de l'œuvre de Gassendi dans les écrits d'autres auteurs qui ont vécu de son temps et jusqu'à la fin des Lumières - non seulement en France -, mais aussi en Angleterre (comme Walter Charleton, John Locke, David Hume ou Robert Boyle), en Hollande (professeurs d'Université), en Allemagne (Leibniz), en Pologne (Sociniens et "libertins"), en Italie du Nord (comme le jésuite milanais Thommaso Ceva), en Italie du Sud (comme le fondateur de l'Accademia degli Investiganti Tommaso Cornelio ou Giambattista Vico), en Espagne enfin (comme le médecin Martínez). Aujourd'hui encore Gassendi fait des adeptes parmi ceux que séduisent les chemins non battus de l'effort gratuit et de l'érudition austère, ceux que ravit absolument une certaine esthétique baroque de l'esprit pur. (shrink)

Reseña de Sapiro, Gisèle ¿Se puede separar la obra del autor? Censura, cancelación y derecho al error. Clave Intelectual, 2022.

Cet article se penche sur une figure de l’imaginaire collectif, à savoir Mickey Mouse. Cette souris sympathique qui a fait le tour du globe dans les années 1930 est devenue l’animal héraldique du triomphe des économies pulsionnelles et d’une mercantilisation du rêve de bonheur. En partant d’une réflexion sur la contiguïté entre l’activité ludique et l’art de l’animation, l’article tente d’aborder la question de « l’esthétisation de la politique » par le biais du jeu. Une référence constante à la fonction (...) du conte dans le monde enfantin nous permet d’articuler quelques enjeux de ce que W. Benjamin analyse, dans son essai sur L’Œuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique, sous le terme de « seconde technique ». (shrink)

Ce texte est l'introduction d'un dossier remarquable de la Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, n° 136, 2014, p. 13-183, entièrement disponible ici. Nous remercions Sylvia Chiffoleau de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire sur RHUTHMOS. Les contributions de ce numéro se proposent d'explorer quelques-unes des multiples facettes du temps. Lorsqu'on aborde la question du temps, il est convenu de rappeler la difficulté à appréhender celui-ci, en s'appuyant sur le célèbre aphorisme de Saint - Histoire – Nouvel (...) article. (shrink)

En esta investigación se analiza la titulación de los periódicos venezolanos El Nacional y Panorama sobre la guerra en Irak, para conocer la recontextualización de ese conflicto en la prensa de ese país. Se sigue el modelo teórico-metodológico de Fernández que integra el análisis lingüístico con la acción comunicativa y las funciones estratégicas del discurso periodístico. Los resultados permiten caracterizar la conceptualización, el léxico, las construcciones sintácticas y las metáforas. Se concluye que en los titulares el periodista deja marcas lingüísticas (...) de su subjetividad, que se privilegian los actantes principales de los hechos y no se exploran las causas y las posibles consecuencias de los acontecimientos, lo cual no contribuye con el entendimiento de procesos complejos como los que involucra la guerra. (shrink)

Dans son Histoire du scepticisme d’Erasme à Spinoza (chap. 2), Richard H. Popkin identifie trois sources par lesquelles le scepticisme de l’Antiquité est parvenu jusqu’aux penseurs de la Renaissance : les œuvres de Sextus Empiricus, les ouvrages sceptiques de Cicéron et les comptes rendus sur le scepticisme de Diogène Laërce. Ce dernier étant un doxographe qui fait état aussi bien des deux autres sources, il faut convenir que le sceptici.

La critique sceptique de la causalité donne cohérence à l’épistémologie négative du scepticisme ancien (Sextus Empiricus) et moderne (Montaigne). Le fait que cette critique porte à la fois sur l’ontologie causale et sur la logique causale produit un double effet : la critique de l’ontologie causale établit que l’on ne peut pas rendre raison des choses à partir de leurs fondements absolus, ce qui contraint à distinguer l’objectivité scientifique de l’essence métaphysique. Ce premier aspect accompagne donc la science moderne émergente. (...) Mais en tant que la critique de la causalité porte sur la rationalité et l’intelligibilité du réel, elle fait porter le soupçon également sur les certitudes de la science moderne, en même temps qu’elle ouvre en philosophie tout un champ de réflexion sur l’irrationalité, devenue constitutive de notre rapport au réel. (shrink)

BackgroundPreprint usage is growing rapidly in the life sciences; however, questions remain on the relative quality of preprints when compared to published articles. An objective dimension of quality that is readily measurable is completeness of reporting, as transparency can improve the reader’s ability to independently interpret data and reproduce findings.MethodsIn this observational study, we initially compared independent samples of articles published in bioRxiv and in PubMed-indexed journals in 2016 using a quality of reporting questionnaire. After that, we performed paired comparisons (...) between preprints from bioRxiv to their own peer-reviewed versions in journals.ResultsPeer-reviewed articles had, on average, higher quality of reporting than preprints, although the difference was small, with absolute differences of 5.0% [95% CI 1.4, 8.6] and 4.7% [95% CI 2.4, 7.0] of reported items in the independent samples and paired sample comparison, respectively. There were larger differences favoring peer-reviewed articles in subjective ratings of how clearly titles and abstracts presented the main findings and how easy it was to locate relevant reporting information. Changes in reporting from preprints to peer-reviewed versions did not correlate with the impact factor of the publication venue or with the time lag from bioRxiv to journal publication.ConclusionsOur results suggest that, on average, publication in a peer-reviewed journal is associated with improvement in quality of reporting. They also show that quality of reporting in preprints in the life sciences is within a similar range as that of peer-reviewed articles, albeit slightly lower on average, supporting the idea that preprints should be considered valid scientific contributions. (shrink)

Les passions constituent au sein de l’anthropologie sceptique de Montaigne un milieu naturel où chacun doit puiser les ressources nécessaires pour se déterminer à agir. Tel est le paradoxe de leur traitement dans les Essais : loin de constituer un obstacle à surmonter, celles qui circulent entre l’âme et le corps, tant qu’elles conservent leur assise matérielle, contiennent la propension des esprits trop vifs à vouloir s’affranchir de l’humanité, et de manière plus générale, entretiennent une saine agitation qui permet de (...) renouer avec un mode d’être où le corps, réhabilité comme guide de l’existence humaine, alimente le désir d’y persévérer. (shrink)

L’idée de l’article est de mettre en exergue l’approche critique et matérialiste de Benjamin à travers sa lecture de Proust. Benjamin dispose d’une série de concepts plus ou moins définis qui permettent d’établir une critique transversale des œuvres choisies dans l’histoire. La remémoration et la présentification, la peinture et la photographie, l’aura et l’expérience du choc façonnent une volonté qui produit de façon artificielle l’expérience de la durée. Or, la réussite de cette entreprise artistique dépend également de l’évolution historique des (...) moyens techniques qui sont à son service. (shrink)

A continuación se plantean las bases epistemológicas de un modelo que busca explicar y guiar el tratamiento informativo de los conflictos en la prensa. El aporte teórico parte del discurso; desde el lenguaje y hacia el lenguaje. Se recomienda el estudio de las estrategias lingüístico-comunicativas q..

Der Begriff »Race«, aus den universitären Kulturwissenschaften stammend, will unbewusste Rassifizierungsprozesse beschreiben, die wir unweigerlich vornähmen und denen wir zugleich ausgesetzt seien. Der vorliegende Beitrag will diesen Begriff für Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie fruchtbar machen. Zwei Fallvignetten illustrieren, welche Fallstricke für Psychoanalytiker und Patienten bereit lägen, wenn »Race« in Übertragung und Gegenübertragung verleugnet werden müsse. Tauchen negativ konnotierte »racial« Phantasien auf, könne die Angst, rassistisch zu denken oder zu agieren, zum Stillstand und sogar Scheitern einer Behandlung führen. Da rassifizierte Projektionen nach (...) Ansicht der Autorin unvermeidbar seien, sieht sie die Entstehung des Gefühls einer »racial Melancholia« als Möglichkeit, dem drohenden Stillstand entgegenzuwirken. (shrink)

D’après Montaigne, la guerre et la paix sont l’expression de deux tendances naturelles en l’homme : tendance à la destruction et à la cruauté d’une part, tendance à l’affection et à la compassion d’autre part. Y a-t-il un bon usage de la conflictualité ? Les Essais montrent que cette dernière n’est pas incompatible avec le lien social, et qu’elle peut même le servir, mais à condition d’élaborer des modèles de vivre ensemble dans la conflictualité, sur la base d’une éthique de (...) la différence, et non du mythe de sa suppression. C’est dans ce cadre que l’essai ou mise à l’épreuve de soi auprès des autres par la parole permet d’envisager une fraternité laïque.According to Montaigne, war and peace reflect two natural tendencies in human nature : a tendency towards destruction and cruelty on the one hand, a tendency towards affection and compassion on the other hand. Is it possible to make good use of conflict ? Montaigne’s Essays show that this latter can go along with social link, that sometimes it even begins to serve it, provided that we can elaborate patterns of living together among conflict, on the basis of an ethics of difference, instead of the myth of its suppression. In this frame, the essay of the self in connection with other people by words, allows to think fraternity in a non religious way. (shrink)

A SECOND COMPLETELY REVISED EDITION OF THIS TEXTBOOK ON INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH WAS PUBLISHED WITH AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS IN 2022. Check out that version here and a PDF of its ToC and Introduction, as this first edition (AUP 2016) is no longer available. [This book (128 pp.) serves as an introduction and manual to guide students through the interdisciplinary research process. We are becoming increasingly aware that, as a result of technological developments and globalisation, problems are becoming so complex that they (...) can only be solved through cooperation between multiple disciplines. Healthcare, climate change, food security, energy, financial markets and quality of life are just a few examples of issues that require scientists and academics to work in a crossdisciplinary way. As a result of these developments, an interdisciplinary approach is becoming increasingly popular in higher education and must be considered an absolute necessity. Young academics are being called on to step beyond the boundaries of traditional disciplines in order to contribute to addressing fundamental problems and solving challenges facing society. There is a need for people who are not afraid to ask critical questions, who can work together well and can look beyond the boundaries of their own field. This means students need to learn more about how they can integrate and apply knowledge, methods and skills from different fields. Interdisciplinary research projects and practical training courses offer students more than one perspective on the same subject. Comparing and contrasting, connecting, adding and adapting concepts, theories and methodologies from different disciplines ultimately results in new insights and better answers to complex problems.]. (shrink)

Der erste Band dieser Reihe trägt den Titel: _Philosophische Grundlagen der Interkulturalität_. Neben einer begrifflichen und inhaltlichen Klärung der Interkulturalität geht es in den Beiträgen um eine grundsätzliche Diskussion und Standortbestimmung der interkulturellen Philosophie in dem heutigen Weltkontext der Philosophie. Der heutige weltphilosophische Kontext bedarf einer komprehensiveren Hermeneutik.

Angeregt durch Pierre Hadots bahnbrechendes Buch Philosophie als Lebensform ist in den letzten Jahren das griechische und romische Denken als eine Art philosophische Praxis in den Blick gekommen. Philosophie sei nicht nur eine Schule des Denkens, sondern auch eine Schule des Lebens. Philosophie eroffne die Moglichkeit einer Bekehrung des Menschen, die das ganze Leben verandert und das Wesen desjenigen verwandelt, der sie vollzieht. Im Zusammenspiel von vita contemplativa und vita activa vermag ein Mensch eine Lebenseinstellung zu kultivieren, die auch dann (...) tragt, wenn Schicksalsschlage oder Erfahrungen von Leid und Enttauschung ihn die Fluchtigkeit bzw. Abgrundigkeit seiner Existenz erkennen lassen. Dazu bedarf es allerdings einer meditativ-reflexiven Transformation durch geistige Ubungen, wie sie die Schulen der Epikureer, Stoiker und Skeptiker im Sinne einer Therapeia entwickelt haben. Verwandte Ideen und Ansatze finden sich spater bei Philosophen wie David Hume, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein oder Karl Jaspers, aber auch in der chinesischen und in der indischen Tradition lassen sich bei Buddha, im Lotos-Sutra, bei Nagarjuna, Sri Aurobindo oder Zhuangzi Grundgedanken einer therapeutischen Wirkung von Philosophie ausmachen. Ram Adhar Mall und Damian Peikert bringen diese Traditionslinien in einen Dialog, der nicht nur fur die interkulturelle Philosophie eine Bereicherung bedeutet. (shrink)

Internalist foundationalism was popular through much of the history of Western epistemology, but has been subjected to intense critical scrutiny in the last century. Ernest Sosa's new book presents some novel and seemingly powerful arguments against internalist foundationalism. After laying out these arguments, I attempt to rebut them. I argue that Sosa does not, after all, give us good reason for abandoning internalist foundationalism. El fundacionismo internista ha sido muy popular a lo largo de la historia de la epistemología occidental, (...) pero en el último siglo ha sido sometido a un intenso escrutinio crítico. En A Virtue Epistemology, vol. I, Ernesto Sosa presenta algunos argumentos novedosos y aparentemente poderosos contra el fundacionismo internista. Después de presentar estos argumentos, intento rebatirlos. Mi argumento es que Sosa, después de todo, no nos ofrece una buena razón para abandonar el fundacionismo internista. (shrink)

During meditation, consciousness/awareness is usually enhanced because of higher attention and concentration, which inter-dependently co-arise thru appropriate interactions between neural signals. Nāgārjuna rejects ‘inherent existence’ or ‘essence’ in favor of co-dependent origination (Pratītyasamutpāda), and that is also why he rejects causality; the entities that lack inherent existence dependently co-arise. Causality is a major issue in metaphysical views. The goals of this article are as follows: (I)Which entities lack ‘inherent existence’ or ‘essence’ and which ones inherently exist? (II) Do the entities (...) that lack inherent existence dependently co-arise and hence can we reject causality as in Nāgārjuna’s philosophy? (III) Do the entities that exist inherently cause entities that lack inherent existence? (IV) Do structure, function, experience, and environment cause each other? And (V)We critically analyze, extend, and examine Nāgārjuna’s philosophy of dependent co- origination in the extended Dual-Aspect Monism (eDAM) framework. Our analysis suggests that: (i) All conventional entities lack inherent existence. However, the dual-aspect unmanifested state of the primal entity (unified information field (UIF), emptiness, Śūnyatā, a neutral entity of Neutral Monism, or Brahman) inherently exists. The dual-aspect unmanifested state of UIF has (a) physical unified information field (PUIF, quantum vacuum, ‘zero- point field’/ZPF)as physical aspect and (b) unified potential consciousness information field (UPCIF) as the non-physical aspect. The subjective experiences (SEs) of objects and of the subject (self) are the excitations or modes of the UPCIF, so they are derived entities and hence they lack inherent existence. The dual-aspect unmanifested state of UIF/emptiness/Śūnyatā is fundamental and irreducible, and hence it inherently exists. (ii) The entities that lack inherent existence dependently co-arise, and hence causality for them can be rejected but instead conditions (such as efficient, percept-object, immediate, and dominant conditions) are necessary, as in Nāgārjuna’s philosophy. (iii) It is unclear that the dual-aspect primal entity UIF (Brahman/emptiness/Śūnyatā) that exists inherently cause entities that lack inherent existence. Most likely, all manifested entities inter-dependently co-arise thru natural laws built-in the UIF when necessary conditions for a manifested entity are satisfied thru interaction among relevant entities. (iv) It is unclear that structure, function, experience, and environment cause each other. A cause must, at the same time, be an effect of another cause. This implies that there is no first cause. Therefore, the structure, function, and experience inter-dependently co-arise thru co-evolution, co-development, sensorimotor co-tuning, and the interaction among relevant entities after the necessary conditions of manifestation of a specific entity are satisfied; and they are linked via conditions. (v) In the extended Dual-Aspect Monism (eDAM) framework, the physical aspect of a state of a manifested entity and that of the non-physical aspect (with functional, qualitative, cognitive, and experiential sub-aspects) of the same state of the same entity inseparably co-exist in each state of each entity at all levels. However, the degrees of manifestations of inseparable physical and non-physical aspects vary with the states, levels of entities, and contexts. Moreover, manifested entities lack inherent existence. In other words, the physical aspect and that of the non-physical aspect of manifested entities dependently co- arise, co-evolve, co-develop, and co-tuned for sensorimotor system appropriately depending on the levels of entities and contexts, which along with common “effective”information entail the inseparability of both aspects. In this sense, the symmetry between physical and non-physical aspects of a state of an entity (such as brain-mind system) is maintained, where the physical aspect (from third person perspective) does not cause the inseparable non-physical aspect (from first-person perspective) in living systems or vice- versa. (shrink)

Dans le silence qui entoure la question du temps et des temporalités dans l’espace oriental, l’ouvrage Les Ottomans et le temps constitue une contribution novatrice et précieuse. On ne peut que regretter qu’il ait fallu attendre près de dix ans pour prendre connaissance des résultats de travaux commencés dès 2003-2004 dans le cadre d’un séminaire de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, inscrit dans la continuité du travail fondateur de Louis Bazin sur Les systèmes chronologiques d..

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 6, Page 29-31, June 2011.

Socialization enforces gendered standards of politeness that encourage men to be dominating and women to be deferential in mixed-gender discourse. This gendered dynamic of politeness places women in a double bind. If women are to participate in polite discourse with men, and thus to avail of smooth and fortuitous social interaction, women demote themselves to a lower social ranking. If women wish to rise above such ranking, then they fail to be polite and hence, open themselves to a wellspring of (...) social discord, dissention, and antagonism. The possibility for women’s politeness in mixed-gender conversation threatens more than cooperation, it undermines the possibility for self-respect and autonomy. (shrink)